The Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (also known by its Indonesian/Malay name, Konfrontasi) was a violent conflict from 1963–66 that stemmed from Indonesia's opposition to the creation of Malaysia. The coordinates for the continental shelf and territorial sea limits of Peninsula Malaysia are in the chart below. These included Patrols within Malaysia were supplied while in the field by RN Wessex and RAF In addition to the ground and air force units, between 1963 and 1966 there were up to 80 ships from the Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Malay Navy, Royal New Zealand Navy and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.In the early stages of the conflict, Indonesian forces were under the command of Lieutenant General Zulkipli in Pontianak, on the coast of West Kalimantan about 200 km (120 mi) from the border. The Indonesian irregulars, led by Indonesian officers, were thought to number about 1500, with an unknown number of regular troops and local defence irregulars. Territorial waters off the coast of Peninsula Malaysia border Thailand to the north in the Straits of Malacca and South China Sea/Gulf of Thailand; Indonesia to the west in the Straits of Malacca and south east in the South China Sea; and Vietnam in the north east in the South China Sea. They were deployed the entire length of the border in eight operational units, mostly facing the 1st and 2nd Divisions.

Over time, Before Indonesia's Confrontation of Malaysia, Sukarno had sought to develop an independent Indonesian foreign policy, focused on the acquisition of Following the Indonesian crisis in 1958, which had included the On 8 December 1962, the TNKU staged an insurrection—the The degree of Indonesian support for the TNKU remains a subject of debate. The initial air component based in Borneo consisted of detachments from squadrons stationed in Malaya and Singapore. Dense mangrove forest covering vast tidal flats intersected with numerous creeks is a feature of many coastal areas, including Brunei and either end of the border. The Initial Indonesian attacks into East Malaysia relied heavily on local volunteers trained by the Indonesian Army. The high rainfall means large rivers; these provide a principal means of transport and are formidable tactical obstacles. Talks started in Bangkok, but border violations continued, and the talks soon failed. Malaysia has signed joint development agreements for areas which are subject to overlapping claims with Thailand and Vietnam.

PETALING JAYA: Malaysia’s main tourism association has … For centuries, the relations, migrations, and interactions between Indonesian and Malaysian people have been quite intense, and it is … The sections were commanded by one of the battery's junior officers, warrant officers or sergeants. Throughout their history, the borders of ancient kingdoms and empires – such as Srivijaya, Majapahit, Malacca, Aceh and Johor-Riau – often comprised both modern-day countries.

The international border delimiting the two nations is situated on the island of Borneo. In Brunei, there was a State Advisory Council answerable to the Sultan.British forces in Borneo included Headquarters (HQ) 3 Commando Brigade in Kuching with responsibility for the western part of Sarawak, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Divisions, and HQ 99 Gurkha Infantry Brigade in Brunei responsible for the East, 4th and 5th Divisions, Brunei and Sabah.Before Confrontation, no British military units had been stationed in Sabah or Sarawak. Sukarno next launched a peace offensive and, in late January, declared he was ready for a ceasefire (despite having denied direct Indonesia involvement). Starting at Tanjung Datu, the border runs 1,255 miles in length ending at the Gulf of Sebatik. Articles related to Indonesia–Malaysia confrontationExpansion of the conflict to the Malaysian PeninsulaExpansion of the conflict to the Malaysian PeninsulaInfantry Training Volume IV Tactics, The Infantry Battalion in Battle, 1963 The creation of Malaysia was the amalgamation of the Federation of Malaya (now West Malaysia), Singapore and the crown colony/British protectorates of North Borneo and Sarawak (collectively known as British Borneo, now East Malaysia) in Septembe… They emphasised travelling lightly, being undetectable and going for many days without resupplying. The first group, despite losses in several contacts, lasted until June and exfiltrated on hearing about the end of Konfrontasi. For either side to have escalated to large scale air or naval attacks "would have incurred disadvantages greatly outweighing the marginal military effect that they might have produced".Total British Commonwealth military casualties were 114 killed and 181 wounded, the greatest number of them Gurkhas.Indonesian casualties were estimated at 590 killed, 222 wounded and 771 captured.A number of gallantry awards were made for actions during the campaign. When the SAS temporarily adopted 3-man instead of 4-man patrols, they could not closely monitor the border. In the First Division, there were some roads, including a continuous road from Kuching to Brunei and around to Sandakan on the east coast of Sabah. Sabah, whose capital city was Jesselton (Kota Kinabalu) on the north coast, was divided into several Residencies; those of the Interior and Tawau were on the border. The borders of Malaysia include land and maritime borders with Brunei, Indonesia and Thailand and shared maritime boundaries with Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam.