The army became professionalized and the emergence of the national army. << Chapter 3 analyzes the situation of the peasantry and its contribution to the great Revolutions. /Pages 2 0 R In addition to this, after the October Revolution nationalization of industries took place, transferring control to administrative organs. 1980.

Vol. France, Russia, and China were the states to be immersed into the social revolutions but Prussia and Japan adapted to the pressures by adapting through reforms given by the authoritarian figures (110). The landed upper class relied on the monarchical class to bolster their status, prerogatives, and they built their fortune on state services to have such opportunities (Skocpol 1979, 49).

The progress of industry relied heavily on peasants fulfilling the labor of the agriculture and the taxation from that agriculture, yet all the money would help fund the wars(54). Skocpol states that revolutionary crises are created when the old regimes fail to modernize with the evolving international situation (Skocpol 1979, 48).

The last section of the “modern state edifice” in France was the post revolutionary France's new regime. The last crisis that occurred in the old world regime was the impact of war. The Bolshevik Struggle to Rule: In the spring and summer of 1917 the Bolshevik Party, which was initially the smallest and the most socialist party, was able to gain popular support through rebellions calling for “peace, land, break, workers’ control, and all power to the soviets”. /Subtype /XML The absolutist reinforced their advantages against the poorer through political means; the state-enforced taxes hindered the opportunity of the peasants.

For Skocpol, ideology was simply a means to an end. -Revolutions only fully achieved when new state organizations were created Urbanites and peasantry were dependent on each other. The gentry lent or rented their land to the peasants that would work the field; supporting the Confucian status-manner (72). “States and Social Revolutions (Book Review).” History & Theory. The Russian peasant revolution expropriated and redistributed private land, which made them even less market oriented than they had been in 1917.

<< Mill's methods of agreement and difference in the case selection. Yes, the Montegnards did provide leadership to allow peasants to purchase land but they still were in favor or private property rights (191). In essence, the “administrative and coercive organizations are the basis of state power”, and the degree to which these state organizations are independent from control of the dominant-class depend on the case. The Stalinist “Revolution from Above” -New state infrastructure is more centralized and rationalized

While the focus on Skocpol's book is international conflict and foreign wars, Rosemary O’Kane argues that the focus in understanding social revolutions should be civil wars instead. -Revolutionary ideologies were key to the nature of all revolutionary outcomes (169-171) In fact, their quality of life decreased because wages were too low to compensate for the high prices of necessities. However, even this seemingly better method of analysis “missed identifying the distinctive political-institutional changes that set revolutions apart from nonrevolutionary patterns of national development”. The civil state changed due to the French Revolution, it became less monarchical and authoritative (198).

According to Manicas, “history and the social sciences have distinct interests and tasks.”Dwight Billings relates Skocpol to Marx. The state didn't predict the possibility of trade and investments leading to the furtherance of Russia's demise; the agricultural productivity declined, the price for grain dropped, the need for imports and indebtedness grew (90). “States and Social Revolutions (Book Review).” Jasper, James M. Goodwin, Jeff. The fourth crisis that the old regime encountered was that the imperial authorities became weaker due to financial and administrative deficiencies in the state (74). There were distinctions between the first class, nobles, and the third estate, depending on those who were privileged and those that weren't (57). France the decided to create another form of government reformed in an attempt to protect the state creating a more arbitrary system as well as dictatorial (188). Because they were reaping so few benefits from partaking in the economy, they found no reason to do so. As stated in Chapter 3, social Revolutions in France and Russia depended upon the occurrence of peasant revolts. Under this new regime the Soviets were able to accomplish more without social oppression and was far more effective and centrally coordinated than the tsar. Her work is based on the work of Barrington Moore, who she was once a student of. To fill in this gap, Skocpol approaches revolutions from a structural perspective. Within these systems there are institutions that convey social interests in state policymaking. After that group came the lower literati who passed basic level examinations. There were several changes implemented on the state and organizations within France such as: the army, the civil state, and the state in society (196-205). This is not surprising since social revolutions have usually occurred in agrarian countries where peasants made up the major producing class. >> The western ideologies completely rejected the Confucian ideals that were in place for centuries (79). First and foremost there is the Next is the Aggregate-Psychological Theory, by Ted Gurr.

>> /ModDate (D:20200816045416+00'00') Russia was open to foreign trade and investment believing that they could acquire modern industrial, transportation materials and techniques to speed up the agricultural process. “The Provisional Government declared itself head of government…until a Constituent Assembly could be elected to create a new constitution”. The first sign of reform was emancipation of the serfs, directly limiting nobility's autocracy, further dissolving the imperial state. 86 (Issue 5):1150Himmelstein, Jerome L. and Kimmel, Michael S. 1981. :1150Himmelstein, Jerome L. and Kimmel, Michael S. 1981. :1153Laitin, D.D.