It is considered the fourth most populous city in the country. One study has attempted to see how much the urban heat island effect has affected long temperature records, by comparing the temperatures recorded on calm nighst (big urban heat island effect) with those recorded on windy nights (less urban heat island effect) – this suggested that the long temperature records were not affected by the urban heat island effect. The results show that UHI is associated with increasing AC equipment ownership and increase in household energy for cooling in both cities. One of the main causes of the urban heat island is the fact that there is little bare earth and vegetation in urban areas. Analysis of the data suggests that UHI increases heat stress and lowers health outcomes.

Thus, the additional heat from the urban heat island (UHI) effect needs to be quantified, including the spatial pattern. The city is located on a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains, and this topography provides a cooler year-round temperature than most cities in Indonesia, which makes Bandung famous for tourism. An urban heat island is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. In measuring UHI, the study follows The CDD profile for the model is derived from weather stations for each city, and used as one of the independent variables in the OLS regression to examine the electricity consumption and the direct effect of UHI on perceived health.

CDD is calculated from the following equation,\(CDD,i,d = \sum_{m=1}^{24} \frac{\left(Tm-Tb\right)\left(Tm-Tb\right) > 0 }{24}\)where \(CDDi\) is the cooling degree days for a particular day (\(d\)), \(Tb\) is the base temperature 24°C and \(Tm\) is the mean air temperature, considering only the positive values. The summer of 2003, for example, is expected to become `typical’ by the 2050s. Using two case studies in Bangkok, Thailand and Bandung, Indonesia, the study focuses on the effects of UHI on household energy consumption and health and well-being. First, there is no integrated plan to adapt and mitigate UHI. The average income of the sample is above that of the average socio-economic survey in 2007 conducted by Bandung Statistical Agency (After controlling for other variables, the result shows that there is a statistically significant relationship between UHI intensity (measured by CDD) and household energy consumption both in Bangkok and Bandung. This finding is similar to that of The UHI-related health effects in this study are defined as heat stress effects. The data are then analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics.

In the cities of developing countries where resources are scarce, a better understanding of the effect of UHI on urban areas can help local governments make better decisions in allocating resources and amenities and be more aware of when to promote growth or contain it, while minimizing any externalities that may occur.The proponent and the collaborators of the project would like to express their cordial thanks to the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) for providing the opportunity to undertake this project.

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA), the institution responsible for the city development, has three different planning documents drafted by three different agencies related to UHI adaptation. Seventy-two percent of households in the study had air conditioning (AC) equipment in their housing units, and a positive correlation between income and number of AC units owned in the house exists (two-tailed t-statistics, p <0.0001). Contrary to Bangkok, only 29% of respondents in Bandung experience problems during their housework and only 16% need to use their AC. Its latitude is 13°45’ North and longitude 100°28’ East, with an elevation of about 2.31 m. MSL. Extreme heat poses significant risks to the world’s growing urban population, and the heat stress to human health is likely to escalate with the anthropogenically increased temperatures projected by climate models. It directly affects human health by creating heat waves, heat stress and spreading vector-borne diseases (Despite interest in the topic, empirical studies on the effects of UHI on household energy consumption and health are still limited, mainly because there are different methods of measuring UHI and its effects on daily lives of urban residents – for example, use of both air temperature or surface temperature to understand the microclimate conditions of an area (Similarly, although the impact of UHI in the form of heat waves are well-documented in developed countries, few studies cover cities in the tropics (The study argues that UHI has significant effects on household energy consumption and public health. The floor area of the house is also found to have a positive correlation with the frequency of AC use (two-tailed t-statistics, p <0.005).In Bandung, the sample appears biased towards the relatively higher income group. Many critical urban issues relating to urbanization, such as urban infrastructure and basic service provision, decent housing and settlements, land for housing, are issues that urban planning in the city needs to tackle (Although the magnitude of UHI is increasing, policies and measures to tackle UHI and its impacts are still scarce in Bangkok and Bandung. Being one of the national and regional centres of economic, social, political and administrative activities, Bandung has been experiencing dramatic changes in its landscape. A Survey questionnaire of 400 respondents from each city was employed. This is because the higher the income, generally the bigger the floor area of households. For example, UHI adaptation is included in a document to increase the number of green spaces in Bangkok as well as a document on the climate mitigation and adaptation plan.